In IP injections, why is it important to avoid the bladder and cecum?

Avoiding the bladder and cecum during intraperitoneal (IP) injections is crucial to prevent contamination and complications. The bladder is a sterile environment and injecting into it could lead to infection or irritation, while the cecum is part of the digestive tract that contains fecal material and bacteria. If injected into these areas, there is a high risk of introducing pathogens into the abdominal cavity, which can cause severe infections or peritonitis, a serious inflammation of the peritoneum. By steering clear of these anatomical structures, practitioners can ensure a safer injection process, minimizing the risk of complications that could jeopardize the animal's health.