What kind of steam is used in the autoclave for sterilization?

Saturated steam is the correct type of steam used in autoclaves for sterilization due to its ability to reach and maintain the high temperatures required to effectively kill microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and spores. The saturation condition occurs when water vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid phase, meaning it contains the maximum amount of energy possible at a given pressure.

When water is boiled, it produces saturated steam, which can effectively transfer heat to surfaces and can reach temperatures typically around 121 degrees Celsius (250 degrees Fahrenheit) at a pressure of 15 pounds per square inch (psi). This high temperature and pressure create an environment in which pathogens are reliably destroyed, ensuring that all tools and materials being sterilized are safe for use.

In contrast, cold steam cannot provide the necessary high temperatures to achieve sterilization, and dry steam lacks the moisture that aids in the penetration and effectiveness of heat during the sterilization process. Supercooled steam is not utilized in sterilization as it does not exist in a stable state under normal sterilization conditions and does not convey the same sterilization properties required. Therefore, saturated steam becomes essential for effective and reliable sterilization in laboratory settings.