Which process is used to insert DNA into embryonic stem cells?

The process used to insert DNA into embryonic stem cells is electroporation. This technique involves applying an electrical field to the cells, which temporarily creates pores in the cell membrane. As a result, the DNA can enter the cell more easily. Electroporation is particularly advantageous because it allows for the introduction of larger DNA fragments and is effective in various cell types, including embryonic stem cells, enabling efficient gene delivery.

Other methods for introducing DNA into cells, such as cell division, do not directly facilitate DNA insertion. Cloning, while relevant in the context of genetic manipulation, typically involves creating copies of organisms or cells rather than inserting DNA into a specific cell type. Gene editing refers to techniques like CRISPR that modify existing genes but does not specifically denote the insertion process used with embryonic stem cells.