Which structures are part of the vertebrate respiratory system?

The vertebrate respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide. The correct answer includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea, all integral components of this system.

The nose serves as the primary entry point for air, where it is filtered, warmed, and humidified. The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx, allowing air to pass through. The larynx, also known as the voice box, serves a dual purpose of protecting the airway during swallowing and facilitating phonation, while the trachea, or windpipe, conducts air down to the lungs. Together, these structures form a pathway that is essential for respiration.

The other choices do not pertain to the respiratory system's function. The heart, arteries, and veins are components of the circulatory system, which is responsible for pumping and distributing blood, while the mouth and esophagus primarily function in the digestive system instead of respiration. Furthermore, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are all involved in digestion and metabolism, making them unrelated to the respiratory system. Therefore, the inclusion of the correct structures in the selected option highlights the essential components of the